Docker容器化部署实战：Nginx + MySQL + Redis 一键搭建完整方案-是一个基于内容分享折腾笔记的网站序与诗

为什么选择Docker容器化部署

在传统部署方式中，开发环境和生产环境的不一致常常导致”在我本地能跑”的尴尬情况。Docker通过容器化技术，将应用及其依赖打包成标准化单元，实现了”一次构建，到处运行”的目标。

环境准备

首先确保系统已安装Docker和Docker Compose：

# 检查Docker版本
docker --version

# 检查Docker Compose版本
docker compose version

# 如果未安装，使用以下命令（Ubuntu/Debian）
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sh
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

项目目录结构

创建一个清晰的项目结构便于管理：

mkdir -p docker-lamp/{nginx,mysql,redis,web}
cd docker-lamp

# 目录结构
# docker-lamp/
# ├── docker-compose.yml
# ├── nginx/
# │   ├── nginx.conf
# │   └── conf.d/
# │       └── default.conf
# ├── mysql/
# │   └── my.cnf
# ├── redis/
# │   └── redis.conf
# └── web/
#     └── index.html

Docker Compose核心配置

创建docker-compose.yml文件，定义三个核心服务：

version: '3.8'

services:
  # Nginx反向代理
  nginx:
    image: nginx:1.25-alpine
    container_name: nginx-server
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d:ro
      - ./web:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro
      - ./logs/nginx:/var/log/nginx
    depends_on:
      - web
    networks:
      - app-network
    restart: unless-stopped

  # Web应用服务
  web:
    image: php:8.2-fpm-alpine
    container_name: web-app
    volumes:
      - ./web:/var/www/html
    networks:
      - app-network
    restart: unless-stopped

  # MySQL数据库
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql-db
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: your_root_password
      MYSQL_DATABASE: app_db
      MYSQL_USER: app_user
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: your_app_password
    volumes:
      - ./mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/my.cnf:ro
      - mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./logs/mysql:/var/log/mysql
    networks:
      - app-network
    restart: unless-stopped

  # Redis缓存
  redis:
    image: redis:7.2-alpine
    container_name: redis-cache
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
    volumes:
      - ./redis/redis.conf:/usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf:ro
      - redis-data:/data
    command: redis-server /usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf
    networks:
      - app-network
    restart: unless-stopped

networks:
  app-network:
    driver: bridge

volumes:
  mysql-data:
  redis-data:

Nginx配置详解

创建高性能Nginx配置文件：

# nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    
    # 日志格式
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    
    # 性能优化
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    
    # Gzip压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript 
               text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
    
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

站点配置文件：

# nginx/conf.d/default.conf
upstream php_backend {
    server web:9000;
    keepalive 32;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name localhost;
    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    index index.php index.html;
    
    # 安全头
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }
    
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass php_backend;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_keep_conn on;
    }
    
    # 静态资源缓存
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|svg|woff|woff2)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
    
    # 禁止访问隐藏文件
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
    }
}

MySQL配置优化

# mysql/my.cnf
[mysqld]
# 基础配置
port = 3306
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_unicode_ci
default-storage-engine = InnoDB

# 性能优化
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1G
innodb_log_file_size = 256M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_file_per_table = 1

max_connections = 200
thread_cache_size = 16
query_cache_type = 0
query_cache_size = 0

# 慢查询日志
slow_query_log = 1
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log
long_query_time = 2

[client]
default-character-set = utf8mb4

Redis配置优化

# redis/redis.conf
# 网络配置
bind 0.0.0.0
port 6379
protected-mode no

# 内存管理
maxmemory 512mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

# 持久化配置
appendonly yes
appendfsync everysec
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# 日志
loglevel notice
logfile ""

一键启动服务

# 启动所有服务
docker compose up -d

# 查看服务状态
docker compose ps

# 查看日志
docker compose logs -f nginx
docker compose logs -f mysql
docker compose logs -f redis

# 停止服务
docker compose down

# 停止并删除数据卷
docker compose down -v

常用运维命令

# 进入容器
docker exec -it nginx-server sh
docker exec -it mysql-db mysql -uroot -p
docker exec -it redis-cache redis-cli

# 查看资源使用
docker stats

# 备份MySQL数据库
docker exec mysql-db mysqldump -uroot -pyour_root_password app_db > backup.sql

# 恢复数据库
docker exec -i mysql-db mysql -uroot -pyour_root_password app_db < backup.sql

# 清理未使用的资源
docker system prune -a

# 查看网络
docker network ls
docker network inspect docker-lamp_app-network

健康检查配置

在docker-compose.yml中添加健康检查：

services:
  mysql:
    # ... 其他配置
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 30s

  redis:
    # ... 其他配置
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "ping"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 3